Doctor Paul Paris Focuses on EMS Culture of Safety

Emergency medical services systems have broadly varied success rates implementing some sort of patient and provider safety review program. Creating this “Culture of Safety” is the focus of this episode of Innovations in Patient Care. Host Jamie Davis, the Podmedic, interviews EMS 10 Award Winner Doctor Paul Paris, Chief Medical Officer at the Center for Emergency Medicine of Western Pennsylvania, Inc.

Dr. Paris received a grant from the Jewish Healthcare Foundation (JHF) which has long worked towards improving safe patient care practices in the mainstream health care system. The grant focused that attention on improving the same aspects of EMS patient care. In its first year, more than 20 fellows were accepted into the program and have participated in cutting-edge quality improvement and safety training exercises. The lessons have introduced the Fellows to patient safety initiatives that have been successful at improving hospital patient care and allowed the fellows to translate those tools for use in their own EMS agencies.

The EMS 10 Awards, sponsored by JEMS magazine (JEMS.com) and Physio-Control awards the unsung heroes in emergency medical services systems throughout the country. Recognizing those who have developed new ways to improve patient care, response, and systems, the EMS 10 award winners are nominated by their colleagues and peers and then a committee of industry leaders reviews the nominations and chooses the 10 most deserving innovators.

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The Innovations in Patient Care podcast is hosted by Jamie Davis, RN, NREMTP, BA, AAS aka “the Podmedic.” The programs are produced by MedicCast Productions, LLC under a sponsorship agreement with Physio-Control, Inc. More programs covering medical and health topics can be found on the ProMed Network (ProMedNetwork.com) where there are over 45 programs like this one covering all areas of health care.

Mary Meyers Innovates EMS Research and Statistics

Host Jamie Davis, the Podmedic, returns with another EMS 10 innovator awardee this month with paramedic and EMS research evangelist Mary Meyers. Mary is a paramedic and QA/QI Research Specialist for Centura Prehospital Care in Denver, Colorado. She has been recognized for her innovative program to change the way we handle and gather information about our patient care .

In order for emergency medical services to continue to improve and advance our standards of practice, providers and medical directors need to start tracking more than just vehicle response times and cardiac arrest survival rates. EMS systems must begin tracking patient outcomes throughout their care and work to determine what aspects of the prehospital care impacts length of hospital stay and long term patient outcomes. Mary’s work as an evangelist for her EMS system and surrounding systems has changed the way they look at tracking patient care and EMS statistics.

The EMS 10 Awards, sponsored by JEMS magazine (JEMS.com) and Physio-Control awards the unsung heroes in emergency medical services systems throughout the country. Recognizing those who have developed new ways to improve patient care, response, and systems, the EMS 10 award winners are nominated by their colleagues and peers and then a committee of industry leaders reviews the nominations and chooses the 10 most deserving innovators.

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The Innovations in Patient Care podcast is hosted by Jamie Davis, RN, NREMTP, BA, AAS aka “the Podmedic.” The programs are produced by MedicCast Productions, LLC under a sponsorship agreement with Physio-Control, Inc. More programs covering medical and health topics can be found on the ProMed Network (ProMedNetwork.com) where there are over 45 programs like this one covering all areas of health care.

EMS 10 Award Winner Todd Stout Creates Virtual EMS Manager

In this episode of Innovations in Patient Care, we continue covering this year’s EMS 10 Innovator award winners. Todd Stout is a paramedic who had already innovated a way to track the mountains of data collected by most emergency medical services agencies. Todd created FirstWatch.net, a system management program that enables systems of all sizes to collect and analyze their data. With his new innovation, Todd and his software team came up with a way to use the existing system to create alerts in what he calls “near real time” to tell EMS supervisors, managers and chiefs when certain types of incidents are occurring within their jurisdiction.

Systems are using this to track everything from vehicle breakdowns during transport to potential pandemic outbreaks. All of this is accomplished with the existing FirstWatch software without the typical industry practice of charging add-on costs for functionality that should have been there when it started. Kudos to a paramedic serving the industry behind the scenes, keeping us all operating safer and more efficiently.

The EMS 10 Awards, sponsored by JEMS magazine (JEMS.com) and Physio-Control awards the unsung heroes in emergency medical services systems throughout the country. Recognizing those who have developed new ways to improve patient care, response, and systems, the EMS 10 award winners are nominated by their colleagues and peers and then a committee of industry leaders reviews the nominations and chooses the 10 most deserving innovators.

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The Innovations in Patient Care podcast is hosted by Jamie Davis, RN, NREMTP, BA, AAS aka “the Podmedic.” The programs are produced by MedicCast Productions, LLC under a sponsorship agreement with Physio-Control, Inc. More programs covering medical and health topics can be found on the ProMed Network (ProMedNetwork.com) where there are over 45 programs like this one covering all areas of health care.

Dr. E. Reed Smith Resets Tactical EMS Paradigm

In this episode of Innovations in Patient Care, we kick off our coverage of this year’s EMS 10 Innovator award winners. The EMS 10 Awards, sponsored by JEMS magazine (JEMS.com) and Physio-Control award the unsung heroes in emergency medical services systems throughout the country. Recognizing those who have developed new ways to improve patient care, response, and systems, the EMS 10 award winners are nominated by their colleagues and peers and then a committee of industry leaders reviews the nominations and chooses the 10 most deserving innovators.

This week’s award winner is Dr. E. Reed Smith, Operational Medical Director of the Arlington County, Virginia Fire Department. Reed looked at the current practice for active shooter tactical situations of staging EMS and other medical resources until the scene has been secured. He saw that waiting until gunshot and explosion victims were brought out by police caused many who may have been saved in the early minutes of an incident to die waiting for immediate trauma care.

Reed created a situation where rooms in such besieged buildings that had been cleared by police seeking to corner a suspect could be considered “Warm” zones in a way similar to areas adjacent to an active hazardous materials incident are coded.  There is some risk there but Dr. Smith cites that with proper training, protocols and equipment the risk in an active shooting scene can be mitigated somewhat. He worked with local police to come up with an active shooter drill that includes specially trained EMS personnel to follow their teams into a building wearing bullet proof vests, helmets and other gear who can treat immediate life threats, stabilize victims and prep them for transfer to more definitive treatment outside in safer surroundings.

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The Innovations in Patient Care podcast is hosted by Jamie Davis, RN, NREMTP, BA, AAS aka “the Podmedic.” The programs are produced by MedicCast Productions, LLC under a sponsorship agreement with Physio-Control, Inc. More programs covering medical and health topics can be found on the ProMed Network (ProMedNetwork.com) where there are over 45 programs like this one covering all areas of health care.

Improving Cardiac Care by Becoming a Champion for Change

As we continue from our previous episode of Innovations in Patient Care, host Jamie Davis, the Podmedic is joined by Tom Bouthillet, editor-in-chief at EMS12Lead.com and David Baumrind, Cardiac Care and STEMI Coordinator for East Hampton, New York.

Last time, the discussion began with a look at one of our the Ready Link 12-Lead device from Physio-Control and revolved around whether early BLS 12-Lead transmission prior to paramedic arrival is an idea ahead of its time or is an important innovation for emergency medical services systems around the country. The panel all agreed that this innovation was a necessary improvement to systems without extensive advance life support units like paramedics for emergency cardiac care.

This episode continues with a discussion about how systems can begin to initiate changes to improve cardiac care and how to best champion change from within an organization. Tom and David both share from their experiences as champions of change for their systems, bringing the latest care standards of care to their patients.

Tom and Dave can both be heard on the EMS 12-Lead podcast a brand new resource on advances and initiatives in cardiac care. You can find the EMS 12-Lead Podcast at EMS12Lead.com and Jamie Davis, the Podmedic on the MedicCast and Nursing Show programs.  Don’t forget to support our Innovations in Patient Care sponsor, Physio-Control and their support for continuing education at conferences around the country and online at Physio-ControlUniversity.com. Check it out for your con-ed needs from a leader in education and patient care tools for medical professionals at all levels.

Basic 12-Lead Aquisition in the Field Advancing Cardiac Care, part 1

In this episode of Innovations in Patient Care, host Jamie Davis, the Podmedic is joined by Tom Bouthillet, editor-in-chief at EMS12Lead.com and David Baumrind, Cardiac Care and STEMI Coordinator for East Hampton, New York.

The discussion begins with a look at one of our sponsor’s products, the Ready Link 12-Lead device and whether early BLS 12-Lead transmission prior to paramedic arrival is ready for “prime time” in EMS Systems around the country. Clearly the answer is yes as the guests on the panel point out. EMS systems are challenged to continue to improve cardiac care and cardiac arrest survival rates despite the resistance of some entrenched leadership. The call for a single champion in each system to initiate the call for change and adoption of useful tools for care improvement in what is needed.

You can hear more of both Tom and Dave on the brand new EMS 12-Lead podcast. Their shows look at similar issues and more and can be found at EMS12Lead.com and Jamie on the MedicCast and Nursing Show podcasts.  Also, a special thanks to the Innovations in Patient Care sponsor, Physio-Control. They support continuing education at conferences around the country and online at Physio-ControlUniversity.com. Check it out for your con-ed needs from a leader in education and patient care tools for medical professionals at all levels.

Implementing Therapeutic Hypothermia in Resuscitation Efforts, Part 2

In Part 2 of this special episode of Innovations in Patient Care, host Jamie Davis invites critical care nurse Kelly Arashin from Hilton Head Hospital and Tom Bouthillet, paramedic and author of the EMS 12 Lead blog (EMS12Lead.com). Kelly and Tom are the lead innovators spearheading the implementation of a therapeutic hypothermia protocol in the emergency system on Hilton Head, South Carolina.  In part 2 of this segment Tom and Kelly share the specific technologies and treatments used to chill patients during cardiac arrest and return of circulation.

Implementing Therapeutic Hypothermia in Resuscitation Efforts, Part 1

In this special episode of Innovations in Patient Care, host Jamie Davis invites critical care nurse Kelly Arashin from Hilton Head Hospital and Tom Bouthillet, paramedic and author of the EMS 12 Lead blog (EMS12Lead.com). Kelly and Tom are the lead innovators spearheading the implementation of a therapeutic hypothermia protocol in the emergency system on Hilton Head, South Carolina.  In this first section of the discussion, Kelly and Tom talk about the challenges moving such an initiative through the channels of both a hospital and EMS system.  Look for part 2 of this segment later this month when Tom and Kelly share the specific technologies and treatments used to chill patients during cardiac arrest and return of circulation.

Physio-Control’s Cam Pollock Talks About Innovations in Technology

Cam Pollock, VP of Marketing from Physio-Control joins Innovations in Patient care again to share some of his thoughts on technology innovations and specifically recent advances from our sponsors, Physio-Control. I got the chance to meet with Cam and some of the learning center educators from Physio-Control in their booth to chat about recent innovations in critical care nursing and other trends in medical technology.

Jamie:                  I know you’ve got some changes in the products and it has to do with changes in the way we monitor and transfer data from these monitors. The LIFEPAK® 15 is updating how they’re going to be making information available to the hospital setting. Tell us a little bit about that.

Cam:                     Right. Well, we’re here at the Nursing Show having us a chance to talk to critical care nurses, which is always a great thing to do every year. We’re introducing here a new hospital version of the LIFEPAK® 15. So “15” has been out for a couple of years. It’s been in the EMS. It’s been a very successful product. Now we’re really are tailoring it for the hospital market. What we’ve done is we’ve added an external power, so AC power now, which we didn’t have initially on the LIFEPAK® 15 when it first came out. We’ve had that on the LIFEPAK® 12. On the LIFEPAK® 12, its predecessor has been a strong product in the hospital for us for a number of years. Eleven years to be exact. The “15” now, with power, it can sit on a crash cart. It’s a great product for the emergency department with all the monitoring parameters that it has. It is an excellent product for the cath lab. Some hospitals have gone so far as already is putting it out across the entire hospital. It’s a very flexible portable platform. It’s got a lot of great places to fit in the hospital. We also have a temperature monitor. Both hospital and pre-hospital systems now are starting to really get into therapeutic hypothermia. It’s becoming a standard of care.

Jamie:                  I heard somebody call that “targeted temperature management.” Are we [going to keep hearing] a new term every year for the same thing?

Cam:                     No. [Someone] has to do with claims that could be made. So really what we’re trying to do is help our customers manage their patient’s temperature. That involves knowing what their temperature is and so putting temperature monitoring in the product is a great thing. I think there are a lot of opportunities to – and it’s not just for therapeutic hypothermia, anytime you want to track the temperatures. Some clinicians think of it as another vital sign important to monitor. We’ve got that capability now on the “15”. We also took the continuous waveforms that we have in the product. Previously you could only – when you went to CODE-STAT, the review software, you could only review the ECG waveforms. Now, you can review on CODE-STAT anything that’s on the screen. If you’re monitoring capnography waveform, SPO2, You can also look at that in CODE-STAT Suite. Speaking of CODE-STAT Suite, that’s the piece that goes along with the LIFEPAK® 15, it’s the event review software. If you look at the 2010 guidelines, there’s a lot of emphasis on post-review, post-event review for improvement of CPR, just overall improvement of resuscitation. CODE-STAT, in conjunction with the “15”, it really gives you that opportunity. After a code has happened in the hospital, resuscitation attempt, you can download the information into CODE-STAT Suite and get a great view using a tool called “CPR Analytics” and see exactly how well the team did with their CPR – so CPR fraction times, et cetera. There’s a dashboard, makes it very simple. We’re excited about those two being used in conjunction. We’re excited about it being really more tailored for the hospital now.

Jamie:                  CODE-STAT has been used by EMS and that data has been studied in the field by paramedics and supervisors and medical directors there. Certainly, it’s applicable to the hospital setting. I know. I talked to Lyn Delmonte about the importance of reviewing the data that these devices are capturing and finding out that, yes, you’re not getting back on the chest fast enough. It’s one of those things that we can’t just anecdotally say, “Well, yes, sure we got that fast enough.” I need to have the data. Find areas for improvement.

Cam:                     Right. The other piece is that we have our product called LIFENET which is primarily in the hospital used to bring patient data in from prehospital STEMI patients, to be able to transmit a 12-lead, for example, directly from the field into the cath lab. That speeds things up, makes things more efficient. You can use that tool not only to receive a twelve-lead and just make a decision to act right to the cath lab but it can also be used to help activate the cath lab team. There are some features in there. One is called “one push” which allows you to basically push one button and activate an entire cath lab team very efficiently.

Jamie:                  Sends all those emails or texts or whatever out to the people that are around the hospital, “Hey, time to come here.”

Cam:                     Right. It activates a whole team at one time. It makes it more efficient, more streamlined. The LIFENET tool is a web-based data system, data network. It’s designed to connect the devices, the remote devices, with a hospital or a base station for example. But it can also be used in the hospital. We got a new wireless modem that can be used with LIFEPAK® 15. If you didn’t want to go around and collect data from LIFEPAK® 15 in the hospital to load into CODE-STAT, you could actually use LIFENET within the hospital with that modem and transmit that back into CODE-STAT. It makes it a nice little system.

Jamie:                  Again saving time and resources to give you more time to do the patient care but also to analyze the data to improve it.

Cam:                     Right. The CODE-STAT system is really about quality improvement, quality assurance. It’s about making sure that the code responses are happening the best way possible. You’re saving as much time, effort, and lives as you can.

Jamie:                  Because a lot of hospitals are implementing the resuscitation team approach, by helping that team become more choreographed in how they approach things and being able to really analyze themselves effectively with real data, they can improve. That’s what’s it all about.

Cam:                     Right. We’re excited about the “15.” The “15” really fits into the hospital in certain spots as I mentioned. Some hospitals will put them everywhere. I think the most common way we see it being used is in the emergency department. We see it in the cath lab, EP labs, transport. Sometimes code teams bringing it with them. It goes along with LIFEPAK® 20 and 20E which is a primary crash cart device. We’ll see those all over the hospital; also our AEDs. We’ll see hospitals today using the whole suite of products. So they might go with “20” on the crash carts, “15” in the ED and put AED in the ancillary area. It’s either the 1000 or the CR Plus, in the waiting rooms, in the clinics, across the street, et cetera.

Jamie:                  And put them in surrounding areas like the offices. There are a lot of places where you don’t have crash carts but they’re – I know lots of major hospitals now have external office buildings where you come back for your follow up visits with your surgeons. You need to have care provided there.

Cam:                     Those areas should be covered by an AED. There are places where you do see codes happen. If you’re not prepared for it and you got to bring everything from across the street, it’s not going to be the best for patient care. The other product I want to touch on that we’re really highlighting here is LUCAS.

Jamie:                  I talked to several nurses here and just seeing that we were working here around the Physio-Control booth doing some of our videotaping and they went, “Oh, yes. We just got a LUCAS and we love it. We’re putting it on our teams and carrying it.” The codes in the hospital from where it’s – but it’s such a portable device it makes it possible to do that.

Cam:                     Right. So LUCAS is our mechanical chest compression device and with all the emphasis in Guidelines 2010 on continuous uninterrupted compressions, LUCAS does exactly that. It delivers two inches of depth. It delivers 100 compressions per minute. Consistently, as long as the batteries hold out. They could put in a new battery it will go forever. What we find – and this is particularly important for the hospital – is LUCAS changes the way codes are run. Anyone who’s ever seen a code in the hospital knows how chaotic it is. There’s usually way too many people in the room, a lot of noise, a lot of chaos happening. LUCAS slows the whole scene down because once you put LUCAS on – and it’s very fast to deploy – you can deploy LUCAS with interrupting CPR and we’ve done tests in less than ten seconds of CPR interruption. Once you get it on, you don’t get any more interruptions. It really does settle things because now you’ve got a new set of hands free. CPR is being done. You look at the vitals and you’re getting a pulse. You’re getting vitals that are approaching normal. You’re getting circulation. You’re circulating blood to the brain. It’s happening without anyone having to touch the patient at that time. It allows people to concentrate on other things during the code. We’ve seen it to be very beneficial both in the EMS and in the hospital environments. We’ve seen some of our best hospitals putting it not only in the emergency department and the cath lab, which are the two most common, but some are starting put it out on floors or putting with the code teams so they can get good – not good – but excellent CPR happening immediately. We just had our most successful past quarter, most successful quarter ever in terms of LUCAS sales. It’s our best LUCAS quarter we’ve had as a company. Things are really starting to go well. As you know, we acquired Jolife the company that makes LUCAS this quarter. It’s now part of Physio-Control.

Jamie:                  It’s exciting. It’s an interesting device. It’s almost AED-like in its ease of use. I don’t want to say quite as simple as that but certainly just a few steps and very simple to learn. It’s one of the devices we use in our services, on my paramedic side. I take the nurse hat off and the paramedic hat on. It’s great to see that it’s being brought into the hospital setting. It certainly has applications to improve the efforts of resuscitation and thank you for helping to bring that product to us. It’s important.

Cam:                     This might be something you want to talk to Mark [unintelligible] about sometime. Recently, in Bellingham, we had a case where a patient – they thought he was having a seizure in the prehospital environment – there was actually a LUCAS evaluation going on. The Bellingham Fire Department didn’t actually own a LUCAS device. We loaned it to them. They had a patient on vacation from Idaho. She was actually coding – cardiac arrest. They shocked her several times, could not get her out of VF. Put LUCAS on, they got her to the hospital. She was starting to wake up even though she was in VF. She started to regain consciousness and fighting with the intubation tube. Got her to the cath lab. As they cath her and opened up – she had some blocked arteries – opened her up. Within two days she was ready to go home. She was on LUCAS for about half-an-hour. The cardiologist, interventional cardiologist, said this woman probably would not have survived if LUCAS hadn’t been able to keep her going all the way to the cath lab. We start hearing stories like that more and more all the time.

Jamie:                  That’s exciting to hear just the anecdotal evidence but I know that you’re collecting data and there’s more and more about mechanical chest compression devices that are out there. It’s just so easy to implement and use and it’s exciting to see that is catching on in the hospital. What else is on the horizon for Physio-Control? Is there anything else? I know you got so many tools out there that are really helping them improve that way we provide care.

Cam:                     Well, we’ve got a lot of going on the way of product development that I can’t really talk about but we’re…

Jamie:                  I always have to ask.

Cam:                     We are focusing on the areas of CPR improvement. We focus on next generation products both for AEDs into the hospital. So there’s a lot of going – we got more going on in product development right now that we’ve had in the history of the company frankly. As I talked to you about before, we made an investment in the cooling company, BeneChill. Currently not available in the US but we’re selling in nine different European countries. It’s an intranasal approach to cooling, focused on cooling the brain first. We’re delivering our first products to customers this month. We’ll see how that goes. We’re excited about it. We think that it’s cutting-edge in the future of cooling. The other piece of news, and we’ve talked about this briefly before, is the upcoming divestiture from Medtronic.

Jamie:                  Yes. It was announced but really no specific timeline brought in. Also I know, as a customer, there are always concerns when there are major changes in a company that, maybe an organization, a hospital has invested a lot of money in the company’s products, what changes with the way that company’s going to interact with them?

Cam:                     Right. That’s understandable from a customer’s perspective. I would have the same questions. We don’t know that much about the divestiture yet. We know that Medtronic has announced the intent. Steps are being taken to start that process. I would expect that twelve months from now, if we’re sitting here at the same nursing show and talking about this, we won’t be a part of Medtronic at that time. As a company, we’re excited about it. We see opportunity. I think not being part of such a large company as Medtronic. Medtronic is a $15 billion company, an excellent company, but focused on different areas. They’re focused on cardiologists, not focused on emergency response like we are. I think we’ll be more responsive, we’ll be more nimble, we’ll be more focused. I think from our perspective, it will be great. Physio-Control has been an independent company before, multiple times. We were an independent company at first. We were owned by Eli Lilly. We were divested. We were bought by Medtronic. We’ve been a public company several times in the past. We’ve been owned by a couple of different companies. We’ve been the same market leader all the way through that. We’ve been around 56 years. So we’re not going away. From our customer’s perspective, I think it will only makes things better. We will only be more focused on our customers. There’s no worry about Physio-Control not being around that’s for sure.

Jamie:                  Well, great. I want to thank you, Cam, as always for just giving us a snapshot into what’s going on with Physio-Control and some great products and ways we can improve our care. It’s another look at some of the great tools that we have available to help improve outcomes, help us improve outcomes for our patients. So thanks a lot.

Cam:                     Great. Thanks, Jamie.

Nurse Linda Delmonte Talks Biphasic Energy, Cardioversion, and ECC Guidelines

Nurse Educator, Linda Delmonte from Physio-Control joins Innovations in Patient care again to share some of her education session high points recently presented. I met up with her at a recent Nursing Conference for critical care nurses, where I had the opportunity to sit down with a group of the educators assembled by our sponsors, Physio-Control, in their booth to chat about recent innovations in critical care nursing and other trends.

Jamie: Linda, you’re a nurse. You actually work with Physio-Control but you’re one of the lead educators at Physio-Control to help come up with some of the materials and things that go along with the monitors.

Linda: That’s right, Jamie. I’ve been there twenty years now. We’ve done a lot of learning centers, both at Nursing and EMS shows, even in Europe.

Jamie: You’re going to be talking about some of the things having to do with the new guidelines, 2010 ECC update, talking about biphasic waveform energy levels for defibrillation and cardioversion. What’s new in the new guidelines? What changed for how we look at energy levels in defibrillation and cardioversion? Interestingly enough, you said something to me about that a lot of people don’t understand that the monitor is recording all of the processes in resuscitation surrounding the shock event and that really can give you some insights into how to improve your care.

Linda: Yes, that’s correct. As you might know with EMS, they often download the data from their defibrillator and review the cases and give feedback to the team. In hospitals, it’s not so common. People haven’t quite caught up with the technology that’s available. All manufacturers, every defibrillator out there, they’re recording data all the time. You can playback the code. You can playback your pacing events. You can playback your monitoring: end-tidal CO2 waveforms, all that stuff, and look at it. It really gives you insight into how people perform and why things go wrong. It certainly tremendously helps if you’re doing some troubleshooting or problem-solving later on.

Jamie: It really gives you a real life look at what’s happening with your patients. You need to build on success when you’re doing these types of things.

Linda: That’s very true. I think it’s becoming more evident that we really have to look at every aspect of the resuscitation and try to improve. There is probably not one magic bullet that’s going to help us improve survival but if we add up all the little things, it’ll probably make a difference. I think we see that in the wide variation and resuscitation survival rates across the country. If I told you that if you were in Seattle – if you had cancer and I told you, you have ten times better chance of surviving cancer in Seattle than you did in Chicago, you’d be surprised. I think it will be a national news story too. However, that’s true in cardiac arrest. There are certain communities that are six, eight, ten times better than other communities in getting survival.

Jamie: And it has nothing to do with air quality or ground water. It has to do with – it’s an active effort. Many times, community-wide, from system, top to bottom, that is making that difference.

Linda: Right. It’s a system response. It certainly doesn’t happen by accident. It happens by people looking at every little thing and say, “How can we make this better? How can we improve?”

Jamie: It comes down to the individual. Individuals can make a difference in this situation by really monitoring how they deal with codes and how they manage codes. They’re part in that code. In the hospital, there are lots of team members. In the EMS side, there are only a few team members handling a lot of the jobs. But in the hospital setting, how can you improve whatever job that is you’re tasked to do and be more efficient? I think one of the things the American Heart Association mentioned was “choreography,” having a choreographed approach. Really almost like a dance of this team to do things in a step-by-step method and there are certain systems out there – I’ve talked to Danny Yost at Redmond Fire that as – they’re talking about seventeen seconds post-shock, “We’re going to do this.” They’ve gotten it down to such a science but they’re success rates are showing amazing improvement because they’re really looking at it from that level. Why don’t we do that with cardiac arrest everywhere?

Linda: That’s a great question. That’s the million-dollar-question…

Jamie: Because we do it with every other surgical procedure. We look at best practices but yet this best practice seems not have filtered down for the cardiac arrest event.

Linda: I think people think they do because at some level you do. There is certainly, I think, a lot of codes are very well-rehearsed and well-run in the hospital. Where it falls off, I think, is in the post-event review. There are reviews but not to the detail where you actually look at the code. You see if your shock succeeded. You see where the CPR interruptions where you see exactly what happened. If they did, capnography, what would be the waveform look like? That needs to still be done and that will really, I think, make a difference in giving that kind of feedback to the team.

Jamie: You’re looking at CPR interruptions. That’s what you’re talking about. Because the device, if you have the pads on, it’s monitoring after the shock, it can see the resumption of compressions. If you’re going back and reviewing that data, you can say, “We thought we got back on the chest really fast but it took us fifteen seconds post-shock to get somebody back into position to do CPR.” That’s not within the guidelines even though anecdotally we thought we were doing the right thing. We were moving really fast, we just weren’t getting there. The only way to do that is to print out your data and look at it.

Linda: Well, you need objective data. You’re right. You need objective data. Not just sort of saying, “I don’t think you got back on the chest fast enough.” “Oh, yes, I did.” “No, you didn’t. That was ten seconds.” “No, I think it was five.” But you can actually see that in the code. So that’s – it’s awesome data.

Jamie: So we’re not talking about earth-shattering changes here. We’re talking about – and this is I think something nurses excel at, is incremental interventions that really improve the outcomes for our patients. If it’s something as simple as looking at our codes and saying, “We just need to try to find out why this interval was so long and shorten it.” If we can shorten it by two seconds and then the next thing we figure out, we can shorten it by another two seconds, before you know it, we have a one-second or two-second interval between one shock and when we get back on the chest.

Linda: Right. I think that’s where shock success comes into – sort of into play. A lot of people don’t realize the role of shock success in minimizing CPR interruptions. I guess a lot leeway, I say, “Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations for shocking.” But how many people really look at those shocks to say, “Okay, I shocked that XX joules.” What was the result of that shock? Because there are certainly – when you look at EMS, there are wide variations in shock success from 62% to 99% in long-duration VF. Why is that? Maybe in certain systems you need more. Look at that success because there’s always an interruption to re-analyze, look at the rhythm again, stop CPR, shock. People are making improvements: manual mode, charging the defibrillator while they’re analyzing the rhythm. Those things help to speed up the process.

Jamie: And also looking at, like you said, in cases like cardioversion where we might have to increase our energy levels. We need to really look at what’s working and what’s not working.

Linda: Right. There are certainly a lot of anecdotal reports of lower energy shocks failing; people coming with another defibrillator that goes to 360 joules which defibrillates the patient or cardioverts the patient. In fact, the FDA has an on-going investigation and is looking for data from the public in that regard.

Jamie: So there is no definitive data at this point but we’re looking for it?

Linda: Right. It’s anecdotal. There have been about – probably about eighteen reports. It’s hard to know how many there are because not that many people have arrest and defibrillated.

Jamie: It’s hard to study. It’s one of those things that you can’t plan for a cardiac arrest in a human population.

Linda: And you may not have back up that goes to a higher energy.

Jamie: It’s really great to talk to you. You really, I think, do a great job of bringing science into the educational process so that we understand the whys – so many people might be looking at ACLS algorithm and following like a cookbook. But really having that critical thought process behind is important.

Linda: That’s so important. Well, thank you, Jamie, it’s great talking to you too.

Jamie: Good talking to you.

- End of Interview -